@article{fdi:010057262,
  title = {{I}ntense co-circulation of non-influenza respiratory viruses during the first wave of pandemic influenza p{H}1{N}1/2009 : a cohort study in {R}eunion {I}sland},
  author = {{P}ascalis, {H}erv{\'e} and {T}emmam, {S}. and {T}urpin, {M}. and {R}ollot, {O}. and {F}lahault, {A}. and {C}arrat, {F}. and {D}e {L}amballerie, {X}avier and {G}erardin, {P}. and {D}ellagi, {K}oussay},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{O}bjective: {T}he aim of the present study was to weigh up, at the community level, the respective roles played by pandemic {I}nfluenza (p{H}1{N}1) virus and co-circulating human {N}on-{I}nfluenza {R}espiratory {V}iruses ({NIRV}s) during the first wave of the 2009 p{H}1{N}1 pandemic. {M}ethods: {A} population-based prospective cohort study was conducted in {R}eunion {I}sland during the austral winter 2009 (weeks 30-44) that allowed identification of 125 households with at least one member who developed symptoms of {I}nfluenza-like illness ({ILI}). {T}hree consecutive nasal swabs were collected from each household member (443 individuals) on day 0, 3 and 8 post-{ILI} report and tested for p{H}1{N}1 and 15 {NIRV}s by {RT}-{PCR}. {R}esults: {T}wo successive waves of viral infections were identified: a first wave ({W}33-37) when p{H}1{N}1 was dominant and co-circulated with {NIRV}s, sharply interrupted by a second wave ({W}38-44), almost exclusively composed of {NIRV}s, mainly human {R}hinoviruses (h{RV}) and {C}oronaviruses (h{C}o{V}). {D}ata suggest that some interference may occur between {NIRV}s and p{H}1{N}1 when they co-circulate within the same household, where {NIRV}s were more likely to infect p{H}1{N}1 negative individuals than p{H}1{N}1 positive peers (relative risk: 3.13, 95% {CI}: 1.80-5.46, {P}<0.001). {V}iral shedding was significantly shorter ({P} = 0.035) in patients who were co-infected by p{H}1{N}1 and {NIRV} or by two different {NIRV}s compared to those who were infected with only one virus, whatever this virus was (p{H}1{N}1 or {NIRV}s). {A}lthough intense co-circulation of {NIRV}s (especially h{RV}) likely brought p{H}1{N}1 under the detection threshold, it did not prevent spread of the pandemic {I}nfluenza virus within the susceptible population nor induction of an extensive herd immunity to it. {C}onclusion: {O}ur results suggest that {NIRV} co-infections during {I}nfluenza epidemics may act as cofactors that contribute to shape an outbreak and modulate the attack rate. {T}hey further warrant broad spectrum studies to fully understand viral epidemics.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}los {O}ne},
  volume = {7},
  numero = {9},
  pages = {e44755},
  ISSN = {1932-6203},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0044755},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010057262},
}