@article{fdi:010055806,
  title = {{C}ontribution of tropical cyclones to the air-sea {CO}2 flux : a global view},
  author = {{L}evy, {M}. and {L}engaigne, {M}atthieu and {B}opp, {L}. and {V}incent, {E}. {M}. and {M}adec, {G}. and {E}the, {C}. and {K}umar, {D}. and {S}arma, {V}. {V}. {S}. {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{P}revious case studies have illustrated the strong local influence of tropical cyclones ({TC}s) on {CO}2 air-sea flux ({F}-{CO}2), suggesting that they can significantly contribute to the global {F}-{CO}2. {I}n this study, we use a state-of-the art global ocean biochemical model driven by {TC}s wind forcing derived from a historical {TC}s database, allowing to sample the {F}-{CO}2 response under 1663 {TC}s. {O}ur results evidence a very weak contribution of {TC}s to global {F}-{CO}2, one or two order of magnitude smaller than previous estimates extrapolated from case studies. {T}his result arises from several competing effects involved in the {F}-{CO}2 response to {TC}s, not accounted for in previous studies. {W}hile previous estimates have hypothesized the ocean to be systematically oversaturated in {CO}2 under {TC}s, our results reveal that a similar proportion of {TC}s occur over oversaturated regions (i.e. the {N}orth {A}tlantic, {N}ortheast {P}acific and the {A}rabian {S}ea) and undersaturated regions (i.e. {W}esternmost {N}orth {P}acific, {S}outh {I}ndian and {P}acific {O}cean). {C}onsequently, by increasing the gas exchange coefficient, {TC}s can generate either instantaneous {CO}2 flux directed from the ocean to the atmosphere (efflux) or the opposite (influx), depending on the {CO}2 conditions at the time of the {TC} passage. {A} large portion of {TC}s also occurs over regions where the ocean and the atmosphere are in near equilibrium, resulting in very weak instantaneous fluxes. {P}revious estimates also did not account for any asynchronous effect of {TC}s on {F}-{CO}2 : during several weeks after the storm, oceanic p{CO}(2) is reduced in response to vertical mixing, which systematically causes an influx anomaly. {T}his implies that, contrary to previous estimates, {TC}s weakly affect the {CO}2 efflux when they blow over supersaturated areas because the instantaneous storm wind effect and post-storm mixing effect oppose with each other. {I}n contrast, {TC}s increase the {CO}2 influx in undersaturated conditions because the two effects add up. {T}hese compensating effects result in a very weak contribution to global {F}-{CO}2 and a very modest contribution to regional interannual variations (up to 10%).},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{G}lobal {B}iogeochemical {C}ycles},
  volume = {26},
  numero = {},
  pages = {{GB}2001},
  ISSN = {0886-6236},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1029/2011gb004145},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010055806},
}