@article{fdi:010053726,
  title = {{A}nalysis of seasonal variations in mass balance and meltwater discharge of the tropical {Z}ongo {G}lacier by application of a distributed energy balance model},
  author = {{S}icart, {J}ean-{E}mmanuel and {H}ock, {R}. and {R}ibstein, {P}. and {L}itt, {M}. and {R}amirez, {E}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A} distributed energy balance model was applied to {Z}ongo {G}lacier, {B}olivia (16 {S}, 60004900 m above sea level, 2.4 km(2)), to investigate atmospheric forcing that controls seasonal variations in the mass balance and in meltwater discharge of glaciers in the outer tropics. {S}urface energy fluxes and melt rates were simulated for each 20 x 20 m(2) grid cell at an hourly resolution, for the hydrological year 1999-2000, using meteorological measurements in the ablation area. {M}odel outputs were compared to measurements of meltwater discharge, snow cover extent, and albedo at two weather stations set up on the glacier. {C}hanges in melt rate in three distinct seasons were related to snowfall and cloud radiative properties. {D}uring the dry season ({M}ay to {A}ugust), the low melt rate was mainly caused by low long-wave emission of the cloudless thin atmosphere found at these high altitudes. {F}rom {S}eptember to {D}ecember, meltwater discharge increased to its annual maximum caused by an increase in solar radiation, which was close to its summer peak, as well as a decrease in glacier albedo. {F}rom {J}anuary on, melt was reduced by snowfalls in the core wet season via the albedo effect but was maintained thanks to high long-wave emission from convective clouds. {T}he frequent changes in snow cover throughout the long ablation season lead to large vertical mass balance gradients. {A}nnual mass balance depends on the timing and length of the wet season, which interrupts the period of highest melt rates caused by solar radiation.},
  keywords = {{BOLIVIE} ; {ANDES} ; {ZONGO} {GLACIER}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {G}eophysical {R}esearch. {A}tmospheres},
  volume = {116},
  numero = {},
  pages = {{D}13105},
  ISSN = {0148-0227},
  year = {2011},
  DOI = {10.1029/2010jd015105},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010053726},
}