@article{fdi:010053600,
  title = {{E}stimating the observed atmospheric response to {SST} anomalies : maximum covariance analysis, generalized equilibrium feedback assessment, and maximum response estimation},
  author = {{F}rankignoul, {C}. and {C}houaib, {N}adine and {L}iu, {Z}. {Y}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}hree multivariate statistical methods to estimate the influence of {SST} or boundary forcing on the atmosphere are discussed. {L}agged maximum covariance analysis ({MCA}) maximizes the covariance between the atmosphere and prior {SST}, thus favoring large responses and dominant {SST} patterns. {H}owever, it does not take into account the possible {SST} evolution during the time lag. {T}o correctly represent the relation between forcing and response, a new {SST} correction is introduced. {T}he singular value decomposition ({SVD}) of generalized equilibrium feedback assessment ({GEFA}-{SVD}) identifies in a truncated {SST} space the optimal {SST} patterns for forcing the atmosphere, independently of the {SST} amplitude; hence it may not detect a large response. {A} new method based on {GEFA}, named maximum response estimation ({MRE}), is devised to estimate the largest boundary-forced atmospheric signal. {T}he methods are compared using synthetic data with known properties and observed {N}orth {A}tlantic monthly anomaly data. {T}he synthetic data shows that the {MCA} is generally robust and essentially unbiased. {GEFA} {SVD} is less robust and sensitive to the truncation. {MRE} is less sensitive to truncation and nearly as robust as {MCA}, providing the closest approximation to the largest true response to the sample {SST}. {T}o analyze the observations, a 2-month delay in the atmospheric response is assumed based on recent studies. {T}he delay strongly affects {GEFA} {SVD} and {MRE}, and it is key to obtaining consistent results between {MCA} and {MRE}. {T}he {MCA} and {MRE} confirm that the dominant atmospheric signal is the {NAO}-like response to {N}orth {A}tlantic horseshoe {SST} anomalies. {W}hen the atmosphere is considered in early winter, the response is strongest and {MCA} most powerful. {W}ith all months of the year, {MRE} provides the most significant results. {GEFA} {SVD} yields {SST} patterns and {NAO}-like atmospheric responses that depend on lag and truncation, thus lacking robustness. {W}hen {SST} leads by 1 month, a significant mode is found by the three methods, but it primarily reflects, or is strongly affected by, atmosphere persistence.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {C}limate},
  volume = {24},
  numero = {10},
  pages = {2523--2539},
  ISSN = {0894-8755},
  year = {2011},
  DOI = {10.1175/2010jcli3696.1},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010053600},
}