@article{fdi:010047251,
  title = {{G}lacier melt, air temperature, and energy balance in different climates : the {B}olivian {T}ropics, the {F}rench {A}lps, and northern {S}weden},
  author = {{S}icart, {J}ean-{E}mmanuel and {H}ock, {R}. and {S}ix, {D}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}his study investigates the physical basis of temperature-index models for three glaciers in contrasting climates: {Z}ongo ( 16 degrees {S}, 5050 m, {B}olivian {T}ropics), {S}t {S}orlin ( 45 degrees {N}, 2760 m, {F}rench {A}lps), and {S}torglaciaren ( 67 degrees {N}, 1370 m, northern {S}weden). {T}he daily energy fluxes were computed during melt seasons and correlated with each other and with air temperature on and outside the glacier. {T}he relative contribution of each flux to the correlations between temperature and melt energy was assessed. {A}t {Z}ongo, net short-wave radiation controls the variability of the energy balance and is poorly correlated to temperature. {O}n tropical glaciers, temperature remains low and varies little, melt energy is poorly correlated to temperature, and degree-day models are not appropriate to simulate daily melting. {A}t the yearly scale, the temperature is better correlated to the mass balance because it integrates the ablation and the accumulation processes over a long time period. {A}t {S}orlin, the turbulent sensible heat flux is greater because of higher temperatures, but melt variability is still controlled by short-wave radiation. {T}emperature correlates well with melt energy mainly through short-wave radiation, probably because of diurnal advection of warm air from the valley. {A}t {S}torglaciaren, high correlations between temperature and melt energy result from substantial variability of the sensible and latent heat fluxes ( which both supply energy to the glacier), and their good correlations with temperature. {I}n the three climates, long-wave irradiance is the main source of energy, but its variability is small and poorly correlated to the temperature mainly because cloud emissions dominate its variability.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {G}eophysical {R}esearch-{A}tmospheres},
  volume = {113},
  numero = {},
  pages = {{D}24113},
  ISSN = {0148-0227},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1029/2008jd010406},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010047251},
}