@article{fdi:010044078,
  title = {{M}olecular ecology and natural history of simian foamy virus infection in wild-living chimpanzees - art. no. e1000097},
  author = {{L}iu, {W}. {M}. and {W}orobey, {M}. and {L}i, {Y}. {Y}. and {K}eele, {B}. {F}. and {B}ibollet-{R}uche, {F}. and {G}uo, {Y}. {Y}. and {G}oepfert, {P}. {A}. and {S}antiago, {M}. {L}. and {N}django, {J}. {B}. {N}. and {N}eel, {C}{\'e}cile and {C}lifford, {S}. {L}. and {S}anz, {C}. and {K}amenya, {S}. and {W}ilson, {M}. {L}. and {P}usey, {A}. {E}. and {G}ross-{C}amp, {N}. and {B}oesch, {C}. and {S}mith, {V}. and {Z}amma, {K}. and {H}uffman, {M}. {A}. and {M}itani, {J}. {C}. and {W}atts, {D}. {P}. and {P}eeters, {M}artine and {S}haw, {G}. {M}. and {S}witzer, {W}. {M}. and {S}harp, {P}. {M}. and {H}ahn, {B}. {H}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{I}dentifying microbial pathogens with zoonotic potential in wild-living primates can be important to human health, as evidenced by human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 ({HIV}-1 and {HIV}-2) and {E}bola virus. {S}imian foamy viruses ({SFV}s) are ancient retroviruses that infect {O}ld and {N}ew {W}orld monkeys and apes. {A}lthough not known to cause disease, these viruses are of public health interest because they have the potential to infect humans and thus provide a more general indication of zoonotic exposure risks. {S}urprisingly, no information exists concerning the prevalence, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity of {SFV}s in wild-living monkeys and apes. {H}ere, we report the first comprehensive survey of {SFV}cpz infection in free-ranging chimpanzees ({P}an troglodytes) using newly developed, fecal-based assays. {C}himpanzee fecal samples (n = 724) were collected at 25 field sites throughout equatorial {A}frica and tested for {SFV}cpz-specific antibodies (n = 706) or viral nucleic acids (n = 392). {SFV}cpz infection was documented at all field sites, with prevalence rates ranging from 44% to 100%. {I}n two habituated communities, adult chimpanzees had significantly higher {SFV}cpz infection rates than infants and juveniles, indicating predominantly horizontal rather than vertical transmission routes. {S}ome chimpanzees were co-infected with simian immunodeficiency virus ({SIV}cpz); however, there was no evidence that {SFV}cpz and {SIV}cpz were epidemiologically linked. {SFV}cpz nucleic acids were recovered from 177 fecal samples, all of which contained {SFV}cpz {RNA} and not {DNA}. {P}hylogenetic analysis of partial gag (616 bp), pol-{RT} (717 bp), and pol-{IN} (425 bp) sequences identified a diverse group of viruses, which could be subdivided into four distinct {SFV}cpz lineages according to their chimpanzee subspecies of origin. {W}ithin these lineages, there was evidence of frequent superinfection and viral recombination. {O}ne chimpanzee was infected by a foamy virus from a {C}ercopithecus monkey species, indicating cross-species transmission of {SFV}s in the wild. {T}hese data indicate that {SFV}cpz (i) is widely distributed among all chimpanzee subspecies; (ii) is shed in fecal samples as viral {RNA}; (iii) is transmitted predominantly by horizontal routes; (iv) is prone to superinfection and recombination; (v) has co-evolved with its natural host; and (vi) represents a sensitive marker of population structure that may be useful for chimpanzee taxonomy and conservation strategies.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{PL}o{S} {P}athogens},
  volume = {4},
  numero = {7},
  pages = {},
  ISSN = {1553-7366},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1000097},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010044078},
}