@article{fdi:010042708,
  title = {{Q}uantification of two decades of shallow-water coral reef habitat decline in the {F}lorida {K}eys {N}ational {M}arine {S}anctuary using {L}andsat data (1984-2002)},
  author = {{P}alandro, {D}. {A}. and {A}ndr{\'e}fou{\¨e}t, {S}erge and {H}u, {C}. and {H}allock, {P}. and {M}uller-{K}arger, {F}. {E}. and {D}ustan, {P}. and {C}allahan, {M}. {K}. and {K}ranenburg, {C}. and {B}eaver, {C}. {R}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he loss of coral reef habitats has been witnessed at a global scale including in the {F}lorida {K}eys and the {C}aribbean. {I}n addition to field surveys that can be spatially limited, remote sensing can provide a synoptic view of the changes occurring on coral reef habitats. {H}ere, we utilize an 18-year time series of {L}andsat 5/{TM} and 7/{ETM}+ images to assess changes in eight coral reef sites in the {F}lorida {K}eys {N}ational {M}arine {S}anctuary, namely {C}arysfort {R}eef, {G}recian {R}ocks, {M}olasses {R}eef, {C}onch {R}eef, {S}ombrero {R}eef, {L}ooe {K}ey {R}eef, {W}estern {S}ambo and {S}and {K}ey {R}eef. {T}wenty-eight {L}andsat images (1984-2002) were used, with imagery gathered every 2 years during spring, and every 6 years during fall. {T}he image dataset was georectified, calibrated to remote sensing reflectance and corrected for atmospheric and water-column effects. {A} {M}ahalanobis distance classification was trained for four habitat classes ('coral', 'sand', 'bare hardbottom' and 'covered hardbottom') using in situ ground-truthing data collected in 2003-2004 and using the spectral statistics from a 2002 image. {T}he red band was considered useful only for benthic habitats in depths less than 6 m. {O}verall mean coral habitat loss for all sites classified by {L}andsat was 61% (3.4%/year), from a percentage habitat cover of 19% (1984) down to 7.6% (2002). {T}he classification results for the eight different sites were critically reviewed. {A} detailed pixel by pixel examination of the spatial patterns across time suggests that the results range from ecologically plausible to unreliable due to spatial inconsistencies and/or improbable ecological successions. {I}n situ monitoring data acquired by the {C}oral {R}eef {E}valuation and {M}onitoring {P}roject ({CREMP}) for the eight reef sites between 1996 and 2002 showed a loss in coral cover of 52% (8.7%/year), whereas the {L}andsat-derived coral habitat areas decreased by 37% (6.2%/year). {A} direct trend comparison between the entire {CREMP} percent coral cover data set (1996-2004) and the entire {L}andsat-derived coral habitat areas showed no significant difference between the two time series ({ANCOVA}; {F}-test, p = 0.303, n = 32), despite the different scales of measurements.},
  keywords = {{C}hange detection ; {C}lassification ; {C}oral reef habitat ; {L}andsat ; {H}abitat fragmentation ; {P}hase shift ; {S}trategy shift ; {C}remp ; {C}aribbean},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{R}emote {S}ensing of {E}nvironment},
  volume = {112},
  numero = {8},
  pages = {3388--3399},
  ISSN = {0034-4257},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.rse.2008.02.015},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010042708},
}