@article{PAR00011496,
  title = {{I}mmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with bacterial infections},
  author = {{L}agier, {J}. {C}. and {R}aoult, {D}idier},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{I}ntroduction: {I}mmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome ({IRIS}) is defined by various clinical manifestations following the initiation of antiretroviral treatment ({ART}) in {HIV} patients primarily infected with {M}ycobacteria. {IRIS} has clinical similarities with lepromatous reactions in patients with leprosy following antibiotic initiation. {A}reas covered: {T}uberculosis and more rarely lepromatous leprae and {W}hipple's disease are the main diseases caused by actinobacteria associated with {IRIS}, regardless of {HIV} status. {T}he pathogenesis of this syndrome remains complex and partially understood. {T}he treatment for {IRIS} is non-evidencebased, except for corticosteroids in tuberculosis-{IRIS}. {T}halidomide and other immunomodulatory drugs have been successfully used in case series. {E}xpert opinion: {IRIS} is mainly observed during infections (viral, fungal or bacterial) which involve inefficient macrophages for the clearance of bacteria, namely {A}ctinobacteria such as {M}ycobacterium leprae, {M}. tuberculosis and {T}ropheryma whipplei. {T}he restoration of macrophage competence after {ART} or antibiotic initiation results from a complex mechanism, probably involving a sudden and violent immune reaction with a cytokine storm, such as {TNF}-alpha and {IFN}-gamma. {T}his overreaction might be controlled using corticosteroids and thalidomide.},
  keywords = {corticosteroids ; human immunodeficiency virus ; immune reconstitution ; inflammatory syndrome ; lepromatous leprosy ; macrophages ; thalidomide ; {T}ropheryma whipplei},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}xpert {O}pinion on {D}rug {S}afety},
  volume = {13},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {341--350},
  ISSN = {1474-0338},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.1517/14740338.2014.887677},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/{PAR}00011496},
}