@article{PAR00011285,
  title = {{S}andfly-borne phleboviruses of {E}urasia and {A}frica : epidemiology, genetic diversity, geographic range, control measures},
  author = {{A}lkan, {C}. and {B}ichaud, {L}. and de {L}amballerie, {X}avier and {A}lten, {B}. and {G}ould, {E}. {A}. and {C}harrel, {R}. {N}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}andfly-borne phleboviruses may cause a transient febrile illness (sandfly fever) or more severe neuroinvasive disease. {I}n the {O}ld {W}orld, they are vectored by phlebotomine flies, which are widely distributed in the {M}editerranean basin, {N}orth {A}frica, the {I}ndian subcontinent, the {M}iddle {E}ast and central {A}sia. {H}igh seroprevalence rates have been recorded in humans and domestic animals in areas where sandflies are present. {M}ost published studies have focused on phlebovirus infections of travelers and of soldiers stationed in endemic areas, but the health impact on local populations should not be underestimated, as seroprevalence studies indicate massive circulation of these viruses, even if disease is seldom documented. {E}xcept for {T}oscana virus, which shows a marked neurotropism and is a leading cause of aseptic meningitis in endemic regions, phlebovirus infections are inadequately considered by physicians and are generally underestimated. {H}owever, several properties of these viruses suggest that they will extend their geographic range. {F}irst, changes in the areas occupied by sandflies as a result of climate change have a direct impact on the epidemiology of associated human and animal diseases. {S}econd, phleboviruses exhibit a high mutation rate, and their tri-segmented genome is prone to reassortment and recombination. {T}hird, distinct virus strains can be transmitted by the same arthropod species. {R}ecent studies have documented the distribution of sandfly-borne phleboviruses in {W}estern {E}urope, but data for {E}astern {E}urope, the {M}iddle {E}ast and {A}frica are very limited. {W}ith the goal of filling knowledge gaps and planning new research programs, we have examined available information and present it as a comprehensive review, with a specific focus on understudied regions. {W}e also discuss the need to conduct studies aimed at developing new antiviral drugs and vaccines.},
  keywords = {{S}andfly fever ; {T}oscana virus ; {A}rbovirus ; {S}andflies ; {P}hlebovirus ; {B}unyavirus ; {EUROPE} ; {ASIE} ; {AFRIQUE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}ntiviral {R}esearch},
  volume = {100},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {54--74},
  ISSN = {0166-3542},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.005},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/{PAR}00011285},
}